...continued from https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/milewski/91548-walking-gaits-in-cervidae-deer-tend-to-cross-walk-as-opposed-to-the-ambling-typical-of-many-bovids-part-1#
Capreolus capreolus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/199708491
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200526626
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200529744
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1107586537-roe-deer-walking-grassy-field-on-cloudy
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198722454
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198151250
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1103477551-roe-deer-buck-walking-on-grass-leaving
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1083644467-roe-deer-buck-walking-away-on-meadow
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/204763226
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203396739
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/201018719
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200007095
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/199210578
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196991254
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196921690
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196750115 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196750113 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196750111
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196499529
Capreolus pygargus
semi-cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200166126
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200226838
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165683650
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/140516971
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/130955769
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54859342
cross-walking while wading:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/161169776
cross-walking through deep snow:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/144851337
Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
semi cross-walking:
https://dpa730eaqha29.cloudfront.net/myedmondsnews/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/DSC_5193.jpg
Odocoileus hemionus hemionus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/151441827
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/153380171
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/182313300
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/168885353
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/161671222
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96031618
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75142350
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/64994632
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35272267
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9075740
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8028821
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8736525
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189540198
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/204305029
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/image-photo/buck-deer-walks-across-highway-on-111051494
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/202004530
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/190620659
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/179621347
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/166485874
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/161671220
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/161266256
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/156841911
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/151840118
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/151840115
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/151441917
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/149782171
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/149782168
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/145480214
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/143050642
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/141660923
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139533281
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131760773
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/126746210
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121896584
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/108006039
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104745347
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101383253
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/97075871
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93931119
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71169031
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67847612
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/58985402
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55758196
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54936480
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54582566
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54358694
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/50999255
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35796761
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/29877618
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/20794403
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15346766
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4126822
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36048874 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36048227
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36167603 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36170547 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36167946 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36167597
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100968396 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100968394 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/100968393
cross-walking while wading:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/4828950
Odocoileus virginianus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/video/clip-1025463410-large-swamp-buck-white-tail-deer-walks-across
https://stock.adobe.com/images/walking-whitetail-deer-in-morning-sun/276397346
https://es.123rf.com/photo_32305362_deer-walking.html
https://www.fieldandstream.com/hunting/whitetail-deer-travels-200-miles/
https://dpa730eaqha29.cloudfront.net/myedmondsnews/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/DSC_5193.jpg
Blastoceros dichotomus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8996008
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196758832
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/170839025
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53881033
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/42970432
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/41561276
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37990878
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34235604
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/28863071
cross-walking while wading:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/102046322
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/182656187
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/97958718
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93946424
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34574865
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/32539691
Hippocamelus bisulcus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/168732894
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/61948658
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56866303
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/142966285
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35047742
cross-walking while wading:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/145285980
Ozotoceros bezoarticus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/188266170
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/127628739
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/116406102
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/173585378
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/165578454
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/127628734
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/122319144
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/122317603
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/53328279
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/47876146
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37990891
Mazama americana
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/119498924
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/138744138
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131921519
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/71754872
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/204020861
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203355223
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196351425
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/194197274 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/194197204
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/121656531
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37658132
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/23438426
Mazama gouazoubira
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/202457732
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/201190211
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/200765159
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/157219695
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/148936440
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/148341817
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/143891805
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139570557
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/110835932
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/72306746
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67207093
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36736828
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/148448278
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/148448279
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/184029864
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/199002954
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197787941
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196664385
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/194224925
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/193392785
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/192166170
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/191960797
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189964790
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/162172015
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/152167632
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/147677512
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139184975
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/137344367
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/134508704
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/131522623
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/123754502
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/118417376
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/67065366
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/65598410
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/57609044
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/37614428
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/18507794
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15860143
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/15860485
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9420813
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/9072964
Mazama nemorivaga
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/148931933
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/147831648
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/103476694
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/103476646
Mazama temama
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/74340594
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/176219423
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203504965
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/177935431
Alces alces
semi-cross-walking:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUVBr_jDBcQ
https://www.deviantart.com/nini1965/art/A-Young-Bull-Moose-Walking-in-a-Field-917220578
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/profile-bull-moose-walking-onto-dirt-116525839
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/bull-moose-gm1055977806-282201912
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/walking-bull-moose-randy-straka.html
https://pixels.com/featured/bull-moose-crossing-river-jack-bell.html?product=wood-print
cross-walking: see A new observation on gaits in the maternal defensive behaviour in the moose (Alces alces)#
Rangifer tarandus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.shutterstock.com/da/image-photo/sweden-beautiful-deer-midst-spring-tundra-1265271187
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-reindeer-walking-on-snow-83046876.html
https://www.alamy.com/reindeer-walking-on-the-road-in-norway-image339946013.html
https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/956135/view/reindeer-male-walking-across-beach-in-winter-iceland
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/194973788
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/188771774
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/176450543
Rangifer tarandus caribou
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/14285540
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/96124667
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/108555074
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/188361965
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/104384160
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34116020
cross-walking:
The following series of photos shows the footfall-sequence: https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/188323834
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189059963 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196236142
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/38014346
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/12796121
Rangifer tarandus granti
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/154738951
Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/112211957
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/54094260
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8533464
Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus
semi cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34390801
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/204713654
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203494818
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/174623820
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/173065059
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/147914529
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/139973692
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/69812260
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/35598095
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/8606357
cross-walking:
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133664259
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/34390803
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/27762495
Pudu puda
semi cross-walking:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vea0C2YnKW8
Hydropotes inermis
semi cross-walking:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=75UJqMLIHrQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xg0tRDdWNQY
cross-walking while wading:
https://www.vecteezy.com/photo/27808124-chinese-water-deer-walking-across-shallow-marshes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjJJN9XhuyU
to be continued in https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/milewski/91587-walking-gaits-in-cervidae-deer-tend-to-cross-walk-as-opposed-to-the-ambling-typical-of-many-bovids-part-3-discussion#...
評論
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/196297873
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/181433160
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198619093
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/189329534
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/120654703
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/101792139
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/99702464
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/94002990
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/93168317
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/19816996
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/14998243
RANGIFER FEET
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/132865271
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/89028714
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/7048852
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/79613624
https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/photo/fallow-deer-doe-stotting-royalty-free-image/159659299
?stotting in Capreolus
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/155377849
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/204904980
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Fym2VsnDhk
?stotting in Procapra
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osnfkz8vtaY
@beartracker Would you agree?
The following track (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/198845735 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197264836 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/197305929) of Capreolus capreolus are revealing of the walking gait, as follows.
Firstly, the larger hoofprint is that of the foreleg.
Secondly, a feature of the cross-walk in ruminants is that the hind foot lands in approximately the same place as the fore foot, i.e. there is at least partial superimposition.
In the cross-walk and semi cross-walk, as the hind foot swings forward, the fore foot gives way at the last moment, avoiding collision between hind and fore.
I don't know that the hind is the larger print. Typically in ruminants, the hind is a bit smaller than the front track.
We call the superimposition indirect register. It's direct register if the hind falls totally inside the front track. I agree about the timing of footfalls.
@beartracker
Many thanks for the correction. I agree that the fore is typically the larger, but I thought that perhaps this is reversed in those species with high hindquarters. Perhaps I will find a way to check this...
@beartracker
I asked AI and here is its answer, agreeing with you:
https://www.perplexity.ai/search/In-ungulates-the-IDX3e81mQQ6Ft8afKyjGhQ
Cool!
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/107166688
@beartracker
The following pair of photos illustrates a crucial difference between a cross-walk, typical of deer such as Odocoileus hemionus hemionus (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/107166688), and an amble, typical of 'plains-game' bovids such as Aepyceros melampus (https://stock.adobe.com/images/male-impala-side-view-species-aepyceros-melampus-the-common-african-antelope-of-kruger-national-park-in-south-africa-c/240572540).
Please focus on the fore and hind legs on the right-hand side of the figure in each case.
In a cross-walk (here shown in the Rocky Mountain mule deer), the hind foot lands in the track of the fore foot, which gives way just in time to avoid collision (please slow the playback in https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8XRhlvmAMpk).
(The following show that this is true even for juveniles, despite their proportionately long legs: compare https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/75142123 with https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/36167595.)
By contrast, in an amble (here shown in the common impala), the hind foot lands far ahead of the track of the fore foot, which has given way so early that it has allowed an extended forward-swing of the hind (please slow the playback in https://www.istockphoto.com/video/beautiful-and-graceful-impala-antelope-walking-in-savannah-gm932522106-255537892).
This difference in gaits is significant, because it allows a greater stride-length - and a corresponding advantage in energy-economy - in the amble than in the cross-walk.
Odocoileus walks in a way (= cross-walk) adapted mainly in keeping with cover-dependence/nocturnality, an ability to 'freeze' when alarmed mid-stride, stability on unstable/frozen ground, and a habit of smoothly converting to a trot (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/55935361) when hastening the walk.
Aepyceros walks in a way (= amble) adapted mainly in keeping with obligate gregariousness, diurnality, an abandonment of 'freezing' and other modes of concealment, reliance on firm ground, and an inability to trot - instead accelerating from walking straight to galloping.
The difference is all the more significant because the two taxa featured here are similar in body size and proportions, and are approximate ecological counterparts on different continents.
What is underappreciated - even by those relatively familiar with gaits - is that the walking gait of the common impala is identical to that of giraffes (Giraffa).
Stotting in Odocoileus hemionus hemionus
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/87234669
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/83221374
The amble would be what we call an overstep walk. The hind oversteps the front track/foot.
I agree. Odocoileus can 'freeze' with three legs on the ground, which gives them a stable tripod to stand on. They can stay that way longer.
@beartracker
Which mammals in North America have an overstep walk?
Canines, felines, ungulates. Others can perform that gait too.
新增評論