@stephenssupersurrealsouls @maxallen @tonyrebelo @jeremygilmore @beartracker @paradoxornithidae @capracornelius @dejong @botswanabugs @nyoni-pete @jwidness @bobby23 @jakob @zarek @ludwig_muller @adamweasley360 @ptexis @matthewinabinett @ldacosta @marcel_hendrik
Please see https://pupford.com/why-dogs-have-whiskers/ and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whiskers and http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Vibrissal_behavior_and_function.
It is known that impalas (Aepyceros)
The anatomical structure seen as particularly adapted for grooming is a small toothcomb on each side (left and right), consisting of mandibular incisors and a canine (https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14018992-900-science-impalas-wobbly-teeth-get-to-grips-with-ticks/ and https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb05361.x and https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1993.tb05361.x).
The following are particularly clear illustrations of the 'toothcomb' of Aepyceros melampus, which consists of a narrow incisor (mandibular incisor 2), two needle-like teeth with loose bases (mandibular incisor 3 and the mandibular canine), and a cone-like gingival papilla (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/178533731 and https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-a-tender-moment-shared-by-two-female-impala-32019187.html?imageid=4D457A53-C732-4EA3-9D77-EDF2ABD5E672&p=4989&pn=1&searchId=e623827709c92224586328b59a115995&searchtype=0 and https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/impala-skull-ef9b723f33ea4aa59591c277dfdf5a20).
The above photos show that incisor 3 and the canine are so narrow (and flexibly attached to the jaw) that they are specialised for combing pelage rather than for foraging.
However, what seems to have been overlooked is that, in anatomical terms, the vibrissae on the lips and chin may be more extremely adapted than are the teeth.
A NEW SEARCH-IMAGE
It makes sense that the labial and mandibular vibrissae have been reduced in impalas.
The lips and chin of most ruminants are sensitive to the three-dimensional arrangement of objects in the environment. This aids foraging, particularly in darkness.
However, such sensitivity would be disconcerting during the rubbingly intimate, time-consuming actions of allogrooming by means of small front teeth. Furthermore, impalas tend not to forage at night.
In this Post, I confirm the extreme reduction of the vibrissae in impalas, relative to the following particularly comparable genera:
AEPYCEROS: CLEAREST ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SHORTNESS OF THE LABIAL AND MANDIBULAR VIBRISSAE IN IMPALAS
Please focus, in the following, on the longest hairs on the upper and lower lips, chin, and ventral surface of the mandibles.
https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-images-impala-image7407374
https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-images-impala-antelope-image2496589
https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photo-impala-image27131875
https://www.dreamstime.com/three-impala-ewes-first-rays-rising-sun-aepyceros-melampus-image150798962
https://www.masterfile.com/image/en/400-03988310/a-female-impala-antelope-in-south-africa
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/adorable-cute-impala-antelope-lamb-large-51326017
ILLUSTRATIONS OF COMPARABLE TAXA
KOBUS
scroll to second photo in https://animalia.bio/kob
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/195852918
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/183372208
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/182712595
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/133434562
https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/66965085
ODOCOILEUS
Odocoileus virginianus:
https://www.flickr.com/photos/9036119@N02/6602547867
https://worlddeer.org/do-deer-have-whiskers/
https://www.deviantart.com/vseger/art/Deer-Whiskers-852148968
https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/photo/doe-portrait-royalty-free-image/517303025?adppopup=true
Odocoileus hemionus:
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/side-view-female-deers-head-323592176
DAMA
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/muzzle-young-deer-without-antlers-close-2330416759
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/portrait-deer-close-muzzle-wild-animal-2185377499
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/hungry-deer-waiting-food-through-car-1234785217
https://depositphotos.com/photo/deer-muzzle-close-while-animal-feeding-selective-sharpness-focus-deer-594666368.html and https://depositphotos.com/photo/deer-muzzle-close-while-animal-feeding-selective-sharpness-focus-deer-594666372.html and https://depositphotos.com/photo/deer-muzzle-close-while-animal-feeding-selective-sharpness-focus-deer-594666606.html and https://depositphotos.com/photo/deer-muzzle-close-while-animal-feeding-selective-sharpness-focus-deer-594666368.html and https://depositphotos.com/photo/deer-muzzle-close-while-animal-feeding-selective-sharpness-focus-deer-594666372.html
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/deer-fallow-zoo-on-summer-day-2163902069
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/fallow-deer-looking-into-camera-lens-1450246940
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/black-textured-nose-ungulate-animal-macro-1722750334
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-photo-deer-nose-sunny-light-1619571067
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/dama-european-male-detail-muzzle-front-1090527029
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-view-beautiful-brown-spotted-fallow-1308319822
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-portrait-fawn-1715945356
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/deer-muzzle-close-red-wild-nature-2184960743
https://es.123rf.com/photo_5444805_retrato-de-ciervos-selectiva-se-centra-en-los-ojos.html
ANTILOPE
https://depositphotos.com/photo/common-eland-taurotragus-oryx-95030600.html
https://depositphotos.com/photo/blackbuck-antilope-cervicapra-95029728.html
https://depositphotos.com/photo/blackbuck-antilope-cervicapra-95029842.html
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=956904245140665
https://depositphotos.com/photo/blackbuck-antilope-cervicapra-95029780.html
https://depositphotos.com/photo/blackbuck-antilope-cervicapra-95029872.html
https://depositphotos.com/photo/blackbuck-antilope-cervicapra-95029754.html
https://depositphotos.com/photo/blackbuck-antilope-cervicapra-95029740.html
https://depositphotos.com/photo/blackbuck-antilope-cervicapra-95029744.html
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/portrait-impala-ram-nature-110292545
AXIS
https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-cute-spotted-fallow-deer-image284127120
https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-images-close-up-female-spotted-deer-image21113229
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/detail-of-spotted-deer-muzzle-in-bardia-nepal-gm468553808-61075804
https://www.facebook.com/nikonasia/photos/a.394544838539/10159489703408540/?type=3
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/front-portrait-female-fallow-deer-dama-52460320
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/portrait-female-fallow-deer-dama-55071109
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/spotted-deer-head-looking-camera-309029531
Identity?
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-deers-eye-wild-animal-concept-2302550387
TRAGELAPHUS
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-head-shot-cape-bushbuck-bush-2362926857
https://stock.adobe.com/images/bushbuck-cute-face/249698190
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/bushbuck-ewe-portrait-706912036
https://stock.adobe.com/images/bushbuck-cute-face/249698190?prev_url=detail
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-wild-african-bushbuck-antelope-341357768
https://stock.adobe.com/images/female-bushbuck-tragelaphus-scriptus-15673/616731614?prev_url=detail
https://www.african-safari-journals.com/antelope-pictures.html
https://pbase.com/mytmoss/image/128339182
to be continued in https://www.inaturalist.org/journal/milewski/91368-reduction-of-the-labial-and-mandibular-vibrissae-as-part-of-extreme-adaptation-to-anti-parasite-grooming-in-impalas-aepyceros-part-2#...
評論
Tragelaphus sylvaticus/scriptus
with Buphagus erythrorhynchus:
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/male-bushbuck-tragelaphus-scriptus-covered-ox-99394904
grooming behaviour
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vK8MQHEeOAc
dentition
https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/kewel-casmam15346-466196a62eb04ceda2ca7830179c6645
Vibrissae on lips and mandibles in various other Cervidae:
Cervus elaphus
https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-portrait-deer-background-trees-image297238744
https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-red-deer-hind-against-green-background-uk-image140206985
https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-red-deer-hind-uk-image138919258
https://www.dreamstime.com/rotwild-kahlwild-image250978281
https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-headshot-red-deer-doe-back-cervus-elaphus-image307430878
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/free-living-fallow-deer-real-bavarian-1614226708
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/red-deer-doe-gm182825312-13526896?phrase=axis+deer+deer+close+up+macro&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/deer-outside-during-the-day-gm543347632-97481071?phrase=axis+deer+deer+close+up+macro&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
Cervus canadensis
https://www.dreamstime.com/red-deer-eating-hay-close-up-head-shot-image109529953
Cervus nippon
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/side-portrait-of-wild-deer-gm520091172-90847055?phrase=axis+deer+deer+close+up+macro&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/sika-deers-or-spotted-deers-or-japanese-deers-in-natural-gm816315100-132104545?phrase=axis+deer+deer+close+up+macro&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.dreamstime.com/beautiful-close-up-young-deer-fawn-face-nature-fall-autumn-season-wild-healthy-grazing-colorful-red-orange-image164297020
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/close-deer-kasuga-taisha-shrine-nara-116340190
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/sika-deer-female-nose-mouth-cod-2307164993
https://www.dreamstime.com/deer-close-up-sad-doe-animals-zoo-beautiful-image127820443
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/deer-1200086
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/deers-head-close-look-690715354
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/close-up-of-fallow-deer-head-gm498401062-79628593?phrase=axis+deer+deer+close+up+macro&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/close-up-of-fallow-deer-head-gm498400986-79628541
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/nose-muzzle-deer-closeup-young-fawn-1482460088
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/muzzle-deer-closeup-young-fawn-forest-1469557577
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/behold-elegance-sensitivity-deers-snout-testament-2406287703
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/closeup-image-of-a-wild-deer-in-the-park-gm1083692918-290727117?phrase=axis+deer+deer+close+up+macro&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/close-up-of-fallow-deer-head-gm498401388-79628877?phrase=axis+deer+deer+close+up+macro&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-head-female-deer-garden-close-up-head-female-deer-garden-image288507716
Rucervus duvaucelii
https://depositphotos.com/photo/barasingha-rucervus-duvaucelii-95029680.html
https://depositphotos.com/photo/barasingha-rucervus-duvaucelii-95029660.html
Rucervus eldi
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/head-elds-deer-thailand-2206963
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/portrait-deer-82069606
Rusa alfredi
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-female-visayan-or-philippine-spotted-deer-cervus-alfredi-rusa-alfredi-96918304.html?imageid=6425828C-914F-4EAE-9011-BD5A9654CEB5&p=172933&pn=2&searchId=b953b8b11324b842dfeeefa352c97549&searchtype=0
Rusa timorensis
https://www.dreamstime.com/rusa-timorensis-javan-cervidae-deer-species-endemic-to-islands-java-bali-timor-including-le-leste-image199030610
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/fluffy-little-deer-hunting-food-2326018777
Rusa unicolor
https://www.dreamstime.com/portrait-wild-sambar-buck-forest-close-up-portrait-profile-head-neck-wild-sambar-buck-showing-brown-long-shaggy-image139500124
Need identification
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/closeup-image-of-a-wild-deer-in-the-park-gm1083692918-290727117?phrase=axis+deer+deer+close+up+macro&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-face-deer-ruminant-mammals-forming-close-up-face-deer-ruminant-mammals-forming-image112327099
https://www.dreamstime.com/close-up-face-deer-ruminant-mammals-forming-family-cervidae-close-up-face-deer-image112327063
https://www.dreamstime.com/cute-female-deer-close-up-portrait-image190130847
Dama differs from Aepyceros in being able to bite items with the premolars:
https://depositphotos.com/photo/fallow-deer-dama-dama-76600285.html
TONGUES
Aepyceros
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/impala-sticking-tongue-out-709872856
Capreolus
(also showing vibrissae clearly) https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/roe-deer-capreolus-juvenile-head-study-2097176143
Muntiacus
https://www.alamy.com/reevess-muntjac-deer-muntiacus-reevesi-image245220460.html?imageid=72A64278-26C7-4906-9D07-FF86D9180BC9&p=16274&pn=1&searchId=bb2a56afdbfa89699f16c93e8f5304e2&searchtype=0
Cervus elaphus
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/deer-closeup-506710186
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/deer-closeup-506710189
Bos
https://www.massey.ac.nz/about/news/right-on-the-tip-of-their-tongues/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CHolstein%2DFriesian%20cattle%20possess%20a,gene%20and%20have%20black%20tongues.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318452557_BREED_VARIATION_IN_TONGUE_COLOUR_OF_DAIRY_AND_BEEF-CROSS-DAIRY_CALVES
https://www.flickr.com/photos/heideklein_orangenkopf/6109979171
https://www.alamy.com/a-close-up-of-a-black-and-white-dairy-cow-sticking-its-tongue-out-image156086638.html?imageid=FA3FA27D-F771-490F-B4DB-93A5A75AB08C&p=402545&pn=1&searchId=7280aa61667d318d9f47994fb0833a6f&searchtype=0
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-funny-brown-cow-sticking-out-its-tongue-near-camino-de-santiago-way-171388693.html?imageid=4624466A-6963-447B-88F5-2DCA58B1EDF0&p=536807&pn=1&searchId=7280aa61667d318d9f47994fb0833a6f&searchtype=0
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/cow-sticking-out-tongue-gm858022104-141586829
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/funny-cow-tongue-tristan-savatier.html
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/jersey-cow-les-classics.html
https://stock.adobe.com/images/black-angus-heifer-cow-on-farm-being-funny-with-tongue-out/248066246
https://www.everypixel.com/q/cow-with-tongue?image_id=12397582941415437319
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/cow-trying-to-lick-her-owners-hand-gm1157731460-315985855?phrase=cow+sticking+out+tongue&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/a-cow-sticking-out-its-tongue-gm1377563424-442585952?phrase=cow+sticking+out+tongue&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/funny-cow-sticking-out-tongue-gm1488969238-513990960?phrase=cow+sticking+out+tongue&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/jersey-cow-tongue-gm172158163-3104443?phrase=cow+sticking+out+tongue&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/cow-tongue-2-brian-shaw.html
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/cow-tongue-extreme-brian-shaw.html
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/hungry-cow-eating-grass-funny-picture-matthias-hauser.html
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/cow-eating-fresh-grass-matthias-hauser.html
https://fineartamerica.com/featured/19th-century-model-of-a-cows-jaw-patrick-landmannscience-photo-library.html
https://3d.si.edu/object/3d/white-tailed-deer-skull-and-mandible%3Afcc69841-d8be-4103-be0f-143e374c9ce6#:~:text=The%20cranium%20measures%20around%2029,rest%20measure%20less%20in%20size
Camelidae, showing labial vibrissae (or the lack thereof):
Vicugna vicugna
https://www.dreamstime.com/baby-deer-close-up-image148820867
Lama pacos
The photos of this species are puzzlingly inconsistent. Some show labial vibrissae, whereas others show a remarkable lack of these vibrissae.
https://picryl.com/media/alpaca-face-furry-c55c5d?zoom=true
https://unsplash.com/photos/a-close-up-of-a-llamas-face-with-a-blurry-background-DfOqviZ2-jw
https://create.vista.com/unlimited/stock-photos/472929158/stock-photo-close-alpaca-face/
https://www.pexels.com/photo/close-up-photo-of-llama-s-head-9123455/
https://www.needpix.com/photo/1370506/llama-head-face-close-up-cute-woolly-portrait-nature-wild
https://www.sciencealert.com/llamas-hide-a-powerful-weapon-that-can-fight-deadly-virus-strains
https://create.vista.com/unlimited/stock-photos/115553986/stock-photo-closeup-of-young-alpaca-head/
https://es.123rf.com/photo_10347444_alpaca-vicugna-pacos.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_206324710_photograph-of-the-head-of-an-adult-alpaca-standing-in-a-field-on-the-south-island-of-new-zealand.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_20850703_llama-gran-canaria-espa%C3%B1a.html
Lama glama
https://es.123rf.com/photo_92493612_white-llama-face-close-up-funny-cute-looking-animal-image-blurred-background-with-copy-space.html
https://www.zdnet.com/article/i-tested-metas-code-llama-with-3-ai-coding-challenges-that-chatgpt-aced-and-it-wasnt-good/
https://www.agefotostock.com/age/en/details-photo/llama-close-up-profile-image-of-head-long-sutton-butterfly-and-wildlife-park/PUN-5229
https://es.123rf.com/photo_55048822_lama-cansado-en-el-zool%C3%B3gico.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_5432087_un-animal-de-llama-white-sobre-fondo-natural.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_132813890_retrato-de-un-onagro-tambi%C3%A9n-conocido-como-hemione-o-asno-salvaje-asi%C3%A1tico-es-una-especie-de-la.html
Lama guanicoe
As in L. pacos, the presence/absence of labial vibrissae is inconsistent.
https://es.123rf.com/photo_97657044_brillante-lama-adulto-mira-el-marco.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_15111762_lama-guanicoe-guanaco.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_48517261_retrato-de-un-lama-en-la-naturaleza.html
Camelus dromedarius
https://es.123rf.com/photo_7795801_jefe-de-camello-grande-cerca-de-monte-en-el-desierto-de-wadi-rum-jordan-jordan.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_18897854_camello-dromedario.html
Camelus bactrianus
https://es.123rf.com/photo_73931975_camellos-en-invierno-nieve-tiempo.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_22012453_un-retrato-de-camello-visto-desde-el-lado.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_14108988_primer-plano-de-una-cara-de-camello-desierto-de-transporte.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_7451602_portarretrato-de-la-boca-de-un-camello.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_102629144_retrato-de-un-camello-en-el-zool%C3%B3gico.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_201069199_retrato-de-un-camello-en-el-zool%C3%B3gico-de-cerca.html
https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=344772004173170
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehcukYDrG7g
https://www.newsflare.com/video/208897/a-female-bushbuck-with-a-baboon-troop-calmly-walking-and-feeding-amongst-them
https://brucekekule.com/tag/mammal/
https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1055418005-giraffe-finishes-grooming-itself-keeps-licking-mouth
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D-v581Bc8sk
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/5608518/lioness-baby-antelope-heartwarming-pictures/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022532077900351
MOSCHUS
https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/siberian-musk-deer-long-fangs-close-1539654413
ORBITAL VIBRISSAE
Aepyceros melampus
https://www.masterfile.com/image/en/6122-07704373/close-up-of-impalas-eye
Axis axis
https://www.istockphoto.com/photo/detail-of-spotted-deer-eye-in-bardia-nepal-gm468553812-61075852?phrase=axis+deer+deer+close+up+macro&searchscope=image%2Cfilm
Labial vibrissae in Capra hircus:
https://es.123rf.com/photo_44371095_cabra-divertida-en-la-granja-ucrania.html
Labial vibrissae in Equidae
Equus caballus:
https://es.123rf.com/photo_162524826_el-bozal-peludo-de-un-caballo-island%C3%A9s-en-un-potrero-de-alambre-de-p%C3%BAas.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_76803937_caballo.html
Equus asinus:
https://es.123rf.com/photo_65269346_la-cara-de-burro.html
https://es.123rf.com/photo_100211540_detalle-de-nariz-de-burro-en-una-pradera.html
Labial vibrissae in Bovini
Bos taurus:
https://es.123rf.com/photo_176184785_primer-plano-de-toros-vacas-y-terneros-de-stud-beef-pastando-en-la-hierba-en-un-campo-en-australia.html
Bubalus carabanensis:
https://es.123rf.com/photo_52294402_buffalo-buffalo-tailandia-animales-cerca-del-ojo-de-cerca-de-ojos-nariz.html
新增評論